Sunday, November 30, 2014
Lost in Translation
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First Published:
03 June 2005
Dohuk is a
welcoming place. After walking or taking taxis inside and around the city for
two days, I covered enough ground and talked with enough people to see that
while the welcome is clear for American, British, and other visitors, troublemakers
can expect an entirely different greeting. People in Dohuk say they have no
intentions of going back, or of carrying useless boulders from the past as they
move forward.
After
being in a war zone for nearly half a year, a few days in Dohuk becomes a
chance to reconnect with civilized society, bustling with a people in hurried
pursuit of progress. Seeing a little girl tucked away in a corner of her
family’s stall in the marketplace, absorbed in a book she’s reading
about the solar system, it’s easy to peek over her shoulder and peer into
her imagination, and see it take her into space as Iraq’s first
astronaut. In her young life, never having known the fiery cage of war, the
possibilities are still limitless.
I had been hearing about the Yezidi people who live in villages near Dohuk.
Followers of an ancient religion, whose proponents claim it is the oldest in
the world, there are thought to be about a half million Yezidis, living mostly
in the area of Mosul, with smaller bands in forgotten villages scattered across
northern Iraq, Syria, Turkey and other lands. Saddam had labeled the Yezidis
“Devil Worshippers,” a claim I’d heard other Iraqis make, but
no source offered substantiation. I wanted to know more.
Nearly
everything I heard pronounced as fact about Yezidis was certain in only one
narrow sense: before long, someone equally confident of their information would
provide a different set of facts. The only way to find the truth would be to
talk with Yezidis in situ, so I asked an interpreter in Dohuk to take
me to a Yezidi village.
This
wasn’t my first foray in search of mythic danger. I’d learned some
things from when I tracked down cannibals in the jungles of northern
“Will
they kill me?” I asked.
“Of
course not!” he answered immediately, incredulous at the very idea.
“They are Yezidi! They are good people.”
“Just asking.” I said, thinking safety first.
The
Some
believe Yezidism is over 5,000 years old, while others claim thousands of years
older. Nobody seems to know. The Yezidis have their own fuzziness on dates, and
for the Yezidis it seems enough to say that theirs is the oldest religion in
the world. The Hindus of
Some
tenets of Yezidism are readily understandable to westerners: Yezidis worship
one God but no prophets. They recognize and respect both Jesus and Mohammed,
but as men of faith, not prophets. Where the doctrine starts to become hazy is
when the angels appear.
An older
Yezidi man with whom I speak on occasion says there are seven angels: Izrafael,
Jibrael, Michael, Nordael, Dardael, Shamnael, and Azazael. All were gathered at
a heavenly meeting when God told them they should bow to none other than Him.
This arrangement worked for a span of forty thousand years, until God created
Adam by mixing the “elements”: earth, air, water and fire. When God
told the seven angels to bow before Adam, six complied. A seventh angel, citing
God’s order that the angels bow only to God, refused. Although this angel
was God’s favorite, his disobedience cast him from grace.
There is
some dispute among Yezidis about the identity of the seventh angel; some
believe it was Jibrael, while others believe it was Izrafael. Much seems lost
to time. But whatever his former name, when this seventh Angel, most beloved of
God, fell from grace, he was the most powerful angel in Heaven and on Earth. He
rose as the Archangel Malak Ta’us. (Although this, too, is the subject of
some debate; some Yezidis call him Ta’us Malak.) His herald is the peacock,
for it is “by far the most beautiful bird in the world,” and the
name, Malak Ta’us, literally means “King of Peacocks.”
Most
Yezidis equate Malak Ta’us with Satan, a mainstay in many religions but
otherwise not mentioned in Yezidism. Some Yezidis claim that Malak Ta’us
is like a god himself, at least in terms of his power-particularly over the
fortunes of the descendents of Adam. In this religion, God created Adam, but no
Eve, and therefore all men came from Adam alone. The Yezidis were first born
among all men, and consider themselves to be “the chosen people.”
Malak
Ta’us descended from Heaven to Earth on a Wednesday to tell man that he
is the
Not only
do shards of Judeo-Christianity glint in this amalgam, but a close look also
reveals pieces of Hinduism, especially in the prominence of castes. There are
five Yezidi castes-depending on who one asks-the “most important”
being the Pir, then Shaikh, Kawal, Murabby, and finally the Mureed (the
follower). Descriptions of the Mureed are similar to the Dalits of Hinduism.
The Yezidis are strictly forbidden to marry outside the Yezidi, and must marry
within their caste.
Yezidis
have two holy books: the Book of Revelation and the Black Book.
The old Yezidi man informed me that although the Black Book is kept
secret so it cannot be defamed, he would like to translate it into English. The
title apparently has been rendered.
While
Kurds say the Yezidis are Kurds, the Yezidis claim to be neither Arab nor Kurd,
simply Yezidis or, perhaps, Yezidi first and Kurd second. In a fashion similar
to how the word “Jewish” is used, the designation
“Yezidi” applies to both a set of religious beliefs and a genetic
or tribal identity. Because Yezidis keep to themselves, it is easy for others
to misunderstand, or deliberately mis-project, the Yezidi religion. This can
have dire consequences.
The most
recent example was when Saddam Hussein labeled the Yezidis “Devil
Worshippers,” which he justified by equating Malak Ta’us with
Satan. This was no minor misunderstanding, nor was it just a rhetorical
flourish, but a deliberate attempt to exploit the reservoir of suspicion that
encircles enclaves of people who keep to themselves, and in this case to cleave
the Yezidis from the Kurds.
Exacerbating
matters was that the Yezidi religion is such an amalgam of beliefs and
practices. History, more so than theology, provides a key to this code. When a
Yezidi holy man asserted that Yezidis all love Jesus, too, it lent credence to
other reports I’d heard that Yezidism conflated with religions such as
Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and even Zoroastrianism over the centuries, as
the Yezidi came into contact with the followers of these religions.
Even
without an authoritative timeline showing when these mergers occurred, the
mixing of diverse dogma and symbolism in Yezidism does not flow logically or
track a linear course of thinking. It goes far beyond the bounds of any
off-the-shelf syncretism, and stands as testament for the ability of the
Yezidis to dissimulate in the face of destruction to preserve the body. Rather
than cast off their beliefs in subjugation to conquerors, they instead
incorporated elements of the dominant belief system into their amalgam, using
their cultural and racial identity as Yezidi for the mortar. They
built their faith, and their villages, with this concrete; its ability to
withstand the destructive forces of outside elements would have a severe test
in recent times.
Saddam
Hussein’s hatred for Yezidis and Kurds was matched only by his desire to
eradicate every last one of them from
The Village
The sun
approached apex above clear skies, warming and drying the air as we entered the
Yezdinar village. Several Yezidi men welcomed me graciously, and though my
interpreter was Sunni Muslim, they welcomed him, too. None of the men had ever
met an American.
The
Headman invited me into his home, where small children darted here and about,
clearly excited yet smiling shyly at the foreigner in strange clothes. The men
took off their shoes and as I started to unlace my boots, the Headman motioned
that I could leave them on. I recognized this as an honor, but smiled and
removed my battered boots before following them into a rectangular room.
Pillows cushioning the floor and propped up against the walls were the only
furniture, but at one end of the room a television flickered silently while an
air conditioner hummed steadily at the other.
There were
six men in the room, all sitting cross-legged. Four Yezidi men sat along the
wall across from me, the Headman smoked a home-rolled cigarette.
My
interpreter sat to my left, and we began with customary civilities:
“Thank
you for inviting me into your home,” I said through the interpreter.
“You
are my honored guest,” said the Headman, who told me his name was Mr.
Qatou Samou Haji Aldanani.
The conversation thus launched, we meandered across tenses and back again as we
talked about the village and the forces that had shaped its fortunes.
Mr. Qatou
said there were twenty families in the village, some with nine or ten children;
while some men in Yezdinar have up to five wives, others keep only one. They
had sheep, cows and ducks, he said, though I hadn’t seen a pond.
The
village had come back strong after being destroyed by Saddam in 1978. The
people were completely unhinged, Mr. Qatou said, when Saddam’s army
bombed the village flat, then came and stole absolutely everything; sheep,
cows, ducks, everything. Even a dog.
“You
had a dog?” I asked.
“Yes.”
“And
they took the dog?” Silence expressed the residue of disgust.
Mr. Qatou
described how Saddam’s army grabbed two men, each twenty years old, shot them,
and then forced the families pay for the bullets.
At times
throughout our conversation, the chronologies loosened and grew confusing. I
remain unsure about whether the men were killed during that same attack, or at
some other time. But it seemed both impolitic and impolite to try to pin down
the date when the mention of the memory cast a shadow over our thoughts.
I wanted
to know more about Mr. Qatou’s life. He said he was born in 1949, and
after being drafted into the Army, was sent to fight the Iranians for 7 years
before being captured and imprisoned in
Sensing
the congestion this confusion was having on our conversation, Mr. Qatou rose,
exited the room, and returned with a document, from the International Red
Cross, confirming that he was born in 1949; had been captured by Iranian forces
in 1982; and then repatriated to Iraq in September 1990.
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Iraq invaded Kuwait in August of 1990. When the US announced that the invasion would not stand, Iran released the Iraqi prisoners of war. This meant that Mr. Qatou had come home just in time for another war. His life was defined by war: drafted to fight Iran; captured by Iran; released after years only as fodder for the Americans, and today, I being the first American he met, sitting with him in his home, trying to sort the tangle of dates and facts.
What is certain is that during this second war of Mr. Qatou’s life (the “Gulf War” for the first Coalition), the Kurds received support from US Special Forces and others. Sent to bolster Peshmerga strength, they distracted Saddam’s army in the north, while the Coalition expelled Iraq from Kuwait in the south.
Iraq’s army accordioned in defeat, and the first Coalition folded most of their tents and sailed home, leaving the Kurds to fend for themselves. Saddam had revenge on his breath when he turned his attention north and unsheathed his fury against the Kurds. Initially a slaughter of wholesale proportions, somehow, still the Kurds kept fighting. They hung on until the US gave military support and maintained the no-fly zone overhead. In 1993, Mr. Qatou was able to return to the rubble that had once been Yezdinar.
An Iraqi. A Kurd. A Yezidi. A village Headman. Whatever the label, more than forty years after his birth, this man came home. Only now, after the latest war, does Mr. Qatou finally have confidence in the peace, after more than a half century of life lived under orders or under sentence.
This seemed like the moment to ask the question, “What do you think of the United States?”
“We cry when America loses one soldier. We pray for the soldiers every night.”
Many Kurds had expressed the same sentiment. One had said poetically: “For every drop of American blood, we shed one thousand Kurdish tears.”
“What do you think about the United Kingdom?” I asked.
“Also very good.”
His answer for some of the other countries, those that abandoned his people to get back to their beer and wine, was merely a quick frown followed by silence.
Ever the gracious host, Mr. Qatou asked me if I was hungry, and if I would share a meal with him.
“Yes!” I said, a little too fast, and probably a little louder
than he expected. I thought he would never ask.
My enthusiastic acceptance evoked hearty laughter from the other five men, who
spoke among themselves in Kurdish.
“Why is everyone laughing?” I asked.
“We thought you to say ‘no,’” Mr. Qatou replied.
“I am very hungry,” I said, my enthusiasm not waning in the least. “I would definitely like to eat!”
And they laughed again, and Mr. Qatou suggested we tour his village while his wife prepared our meals.
“As you wish,” I said, and we all rose and began walking out. I stopped to put my boots on, their bad condition seeming somehow more obvious to me.
We started our walk around the village, our conversation covering more ground
than our feet.
“Do you have any problems in the village?”
“What do you mean?” asked Mr. Qatou.
“Security problems?”
“Is very safe.”
“Problems with running the village?”
“Water is our only problem. Our well is a problem. Otherwise, all is good.”
“May we look at your well?” I asked.
We walked to the well and when the men removed the stones from the sheet-metal cover, I peered down into the blackness. I gestured my observation and Mr. Qatou nodded. He dropped a stone into the well; it seemed to take two or three seconds for the splash to echo back from the darkness.
“That’s deep.”
“Yes.”
I asked to see the water run, and as water came from the hose, I coaxed my fatigued Nikon to photograph him, but having gone the way of the boots, the camera is mostly broken, so it took several attempts to photograph the scene. Once I got a decent photo, the men replaced the cover and we headed to the village school.
About 70 children attend classes in grades one through six. Mr. Qatou called to
the school headmaster who lived next door, and he took us into the school
courtyard. I noticed a chalkboard with something written in Kurdish on the
bottom in Arabic characters. According to the interpreter, it must have been
written by a child, and it read: Don’t
put your hand in fire. If you put your hand in fire your hand will burn and you
will cry. Mr. Qatou explained that kids had to be taught about fire
in the village. When I told him that American kids burn down houses every day as
a result of playing with matches, he seemed genuinely surprised.
We left the school and continued strolling through the village, with Mr. Qatou
pointing out the landmarks that one would expect in a village that had been
nearly decimated by war. He showed me where the young men had been shot, and we
ambled around heaps of rubble that had been buildings before Saddam’s army came
rampaging. Something made me think of recent scandalous headlines, and I asked:
“Did you see the photos of Saddam without clothes?”
“Yes”, Mr. Qatou said.
“Many people were angry by the photos,” I said.
“Why would they be angry?”
“What did the Iraqi people think when they saw him with no clothes?”
“He was a bad man.”
“Do you want him to be executed? To be killed?”
“I want him to stay in jail.”
We found ourselves in front of his house. Once we removed our shoes and boots, we walked inside and sat on the cushions. His wife delivered roasted duck and vegetables, and I ate more than my share. The meal was delicious. My appetite and appreciation for his wife’s skill in the kitchen filled him with pride the way that duck filled my stomach. It was a most pleasant meal.
His grandchildren gathered around him, peeking at me from behind his weathered
arms. He seemed unaware of the slight smile that eased across his face whenever
he looked at the children. They constantly sought his approval for each small
gesture of interaction with this stranger in their grandfather’s home, which he
granted with slight nods.
The demands of digestion had quieted my questioning, but he still wanted to
talk, so I listened intently. Although I had only known him for a few short
hours, it was clear that Mr. Qatou liked to talk about the future.
“My life is nearly finished,” he said, almost wistfully. “But will be good for my children and my children’s children.”
“Yes,” I said. “It was worth it, no?”
“What?” he asked, confused at my meaning.
“Your struggle,” I said. “Now you are free.”
Mr. Qatou smiled and disappeared into his memories briefly, then he spoke:
“My life was mostly soldier and prisoner. My children are free.”
2014-11-30 Lost in Translation, Yezdinar Village, Iraq (2005)